CHICAGO,
MLA, AND APA STYLES FOR NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHICAGO,
MLA, AND APA STYLES FOR NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Historians use the University of Chicago format in their
footnotes/endnotes and bibliographies. There
are three major styles for notation of sources.
Chicago is the one used by historians and some other academics.
The other two major style formats are the MLA (Modern Language
Association) and the APA (American Psychological Association).
English and foreign language departments use the MLA.
Psychology, Social Science, and Education departments are the main
users of the APA. The most
obvious difference between the Chicago style and the other two styles is that
the Chicago format still gives full footnotes or endnotes. The other two
styles advocate putting source references in parentheses at the end of a
sentence in the text itself.
Students can see Chicago style if they check the footnotes in some of
the major American History journals–such as the American Historical
Review, the Journal of American History, or the Journal of
Modern History.
Whenever a student is assigned a research paper in a History class or
some other class, he/she should ask the professor what style should be used
for citing sources.
There are two principal publications that give many examples of how
notes and bibliographies should appear in the Chicago format.
Both of these are available in Friedsam Memorial Library.
If you plan to have a writing career of any sort, you might choose to
buy one or the other:
· The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, 2003. Published by the University of Chicago Press. Price: $55.00. In addition to its chapters on good writing, it has entire chapters on notes and bibliographies.
·
Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations. 6th ed. 1996.
Published by the University of Chicago Press
$13.00. This book is a
condensation of the Chicago Manual of Style; it includes the kinds of
information mostly likely to be of use to students writing research papers.
Although students
in History courses will not be asked to use the MLA or APA styles, they might
be asked to follow those styles in other St. Bonaventure courses.
MLA. The most extensive
guide to the MLA style is:
Gibaldi, Joseph, and Phyllis Franklin, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1999. $14.75. This book is available in Friedsam, in the university bookstore, and on the Internet.
Online guides to MLA style can be found here:
The Nuts and Bolts
of College Writing
APA. See the
following online guides:
The Nuts and Bolts of
College Writing
EXAMPLES OF
NOTES
Your footnotes (or endnotes) might contain references to a wide variety
of sources: books by one author;
books by two or more authors; edited books; articles from newspapers,
magazines, and scholarly journals; articles for which there is no author; book
or film reviews; interviews that you conducted; government publications;
archival materials; Internet sites, and so on.
Here follows a list of endnotes in Chicago style.
The next section below will indicate how these same sources are listed
in a bibliography. Pay attention every detail.
For example, look at how page numbers are listed; look at the kinds of
things that require italics or quotation marks; look at how one cites a source
that has already been cited in a previous note.
1George Matthews,
Julius Caesar: A Biography (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1979), 332-33.
2Ibid., 457.
3James M. Thompson
and Eleanor Lynd, Ancient Rome: The Capital of the Caesars (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1991), 79.
4Janet Flanner, ed.
and trans., The Orations of Cicero (Columbus: Ohio State University
Press, 1955), 47-55.
5Matthews, Julius
Caesar, 59.
6Julius Caesar, Commentaries
on the Gallic Wars, trans. Christina L. Hogwood (London: Blackwell, 1995),
93-98.
7Dwight Longfellow,
review of The Women of Rome, by Lawrence Smith,
American Historical Review 98 (September 1998): 197.
8Linda Rizzo,
“New Discoveries from the Roman Forum,” New York Times, 13 April
1999, 15(N).
9William Griffin,
interview by author, 29 September 2000, Los Angeles.
10Theresa N.
Jankowski, “The Truth about Pompeii and Pliny's Version of the Volcanic
Eruption,” Australian Journal of Archeology
39 (November 1989): 335-36.
11"Early
Christian Martyrs,” Time, 21 December 1952, 83.
12Ibid.
13Flanner, Orations
of Cicero, 138.
14Yale Center for
Greek and Roman Antiquities, “Roman Vases.” <http://www.yale.edu/antiquities.htm>
(14 November 2000).
15George Matthews, Anthony
and Cleopatra (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 497.
The examples above are just a small sampling of some of the more common
types of items that a student might cite in notes. See the Chicago Manual of Style or Turabian’s Manual
for many additional examples of proper note format.
For some additional online examples of Chicago style notes, consult:
The Nuts and
Bolts of College Writing
EXAMPLES
OF CHICAGO STYLE BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT
Often it is best to divide one’s bibliography into different types of
works. One of the most common
methods involves separating sources into primary and secondary works.
The items cited in the previous section are reproduced below as they
should appear in a bibliography.
Primary Sources
Caesar, Julius. Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. Translated by Christina L. Hogwood. London: Blackwell, 1995.
Flanner,
Janet, ed. and trans. The Orations of Cicero. Columbus: Ohio State
University Press, 1955.
Secondary Sources
"Early
Christian Martyrs,” Time, 21 December 1952, 83-84..
Griffin, William.
Interview by author, 29 September 2000, Los Angeles.
Jankowski,
Theresa N. “The Truth about
Pompeii and Pliny's Version of the Volcanis Eruption.” Australian Journal of Archeology 39 (November 1989):
329-58.
Longfellow,
Dwight. Review of The Women of Rome, by Lawrence Smith.
American Historical Review 98 (September 1998): 197-98.
Matthews, George.
Anthony and Cleopatra. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
_____. Julius
Caesar: A Biography. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, 1979.
Rizzo,
Linda. “New Discoveries from the Roman Forum.” New York Times, 13
April 1999, 15(N).
Thompson,
James M., and Eleanor Lynd. Ancient Rome: The Capital of the Caesars. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Yale
Center for Greek and Roman Antiquities. “Roman Vases.” <http://www.yale.edu/antiquities.htm>
(14 November 2000).