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So far we have been concerned and have discussed how responses are elicited by discrete stimuli. Taking a look at habituation, sensitization , and classical conditioning explore the primitive learning mechanisms responsible for how stimuli trigger responses.

Granted, we have been looking at learning where the learner has no control over the events or stimuli it encounters. There are also many circumstances in which the events are a direct result of the learner.

Examples:

1) studying hard R >> S consequence ood grade

2) turning the Key R >> S consequence car starts

3) shooting hoops R >> S consequence better percentage

4) saying hello R >> S consequence hello returned

5) memorize

mailbox combo R >> S mailbox opens

In all these examples some aspect of the subject's behavior is instrumental in producing the consequence.

Distinction between Pavlovian (response produced by discrete stimuli) and instrumental or Skinnerian learning ( response occur because the are instrumental in producing certain consequences.

S-R R-S

Pavlovian (Classical) Skinnerian (Instrumental)

ANS CNS

Elicit Emit

Smooth muscles Striate muscles

Involuntary Voluntary

Environment (stimuli) Organism (response)

works on the organism works on environment

Goal directed

1) put coat on to get

warm

2) make breakfast to

reduce hunger

Successive approximations

Shaping/chaining

R1 >S1> etc